The three major European powers: Great Britain, France and
Russia (known as the Great Powers), took issue with the Empire's treatment of its Christian minorities and increasingly pressured the Ottoman government (also known as the
Sublime Porte) to extend equal rights to all its citizens.
Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman government implemented the
Tanzimat reforms to improve the situation of minorities, although these would prove largely ineffective. In 1856, the
Hatt-ı Hümayun promised equality for all Ottoman citizens irrespective of their ethnicity and confession, widening the scope of the 1839
Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane. The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, called the
Kanûn-ı Esâsî (meaning "
Basic Law" in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the
Young Ottomans, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. It established freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law. "Firman of the Reforms" gave immense privileges to the Armenians, which formed a "governance in governance" to eliminate the
aristocratic dominance of the Armenian
nobles by development of the political strata in the society.
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