NK and Pakistan don't directly deter the US. NK deters the US by threatening South Korea, and the big threat isn't with nuclear weapons but with artillery launched chemical weapons. Its nuclear arsenal is mostly about threatening Japan and to a lesser extent Russia and China.
Pakistan is nuclear because of India. Its ability to deter the US is basically non existent, the US just doesn't really care all that much.
The US-Pakistan situation was much hotter in 2001...
And if NK wasn't trying to deter USA, just SK, it wouldn't be bothering with building ICBMs, it's not like Japan or SK will move over to another continent.
Yes. The point I am making is that Russia already concedes that it can't win any kind of serious military conflict with the US short of going fully nuclear (and even full scale nuclear use is iffy today). Hurt the US, absolutely. Deter the US, yup. But the Russian nuclear arsenal today is not a nation ending threat to the US.
Hard to say, it could be, USA would have to multiply its missile interceptor numbers for it to not be a nation ender unless the pessimistic assessments of Russian nuclear readiness are right.
Looking forward what Russia sees is a US that doesn't give a solitary damn about most of what is going on in the world and a likely global US nuclear umbrella where the US is just going to shoot down any strategic nuclear weapons that anyone launches without US permission. The Russian nuclear arsenal thus becomes a non-factor in many respects.
And then they still have tactical ones and non-ICBM strategic ones in form of hypersonics. Both can be used in counter-value strikes like strategic weapons, provided they have the range. Which in case of Europe, they have.
If the US has pulled back, it doesn't really have all that many strategic concerns in Europe. Russia will never be able to threaten France, or Denmark or Sweden or Turkey. So long as the US keeps Denmark and Sweden happy, it can lock down the Baltic Sea at need.
The Bab al-Mandeb Strait and the Strait of Gibraltar mean locking down the Med.
Russia tries to conquer Europe and the US likely does what it is doing in Ukraine now, provide a lot of relatively cheap equipment along with intel support and then let Europeans die to exhaust Russia. The relative economic and population costs to both sides screw Russia.
Absent the nuclear issue, fundamental US strategic interests aren't threatened by Russia expanding to the borders that it truly wants. The strategic problem facing the US with Ukraine is that Russia is likely to continue until it gets those borders unless the cost in Ukraine becomes too high for that continuation to be viable and that continuation would mean Russia conquering NATO nations. If the US just shrugs its shoulders and refuses to honor its NATO commitments then the US is dealt massive diplomatic damage as no one has any real trust in any US security guarantee going forward.
If the US pulls back and pulls out of NATO at some future point in time before Russia attacks a NATO member that diplomatic damage is substantially lessened.
You also have to recall that in the US those who grew up with the Russian's/Soviets as the Big Bad as part of their fundamental experience are steadily becoming less and less of the US population. Ask someone born in 1995 if the US should risk nuclear war to stop the Russians from invading Warsaw and you get a substantially different answer from someone born in 1975 (as a general rule). Give it another 20 years and everyone fifty and under will have lived their entire lives after the fall of the USSR and with Russia largely seen as a joke/no threat to the US.
Biden is the last Cold War politico that the White House will have.
So what is the European and Russian and Turkish geopolitical calculus in a world where the US basically doesn't care what they do to one another? That is the world that Russia is planning for and operating in expectation of.
USA will not voluntarily throw away the massive value of NATO before the confrontation with China, it would be way too stupid to do.
Besides that, Cold War may be in the past, but the "rogue state" political pains are in the news regularly, and Russia is trying to join that camp rather than help manage it more than ever. Russia is unwilling, even if able at great pain, to separate itself from the other political hotspots of Iran and China.
And then there is also the irony that if a world where USA doesn't care what Russia does in Europe is soon to come and Russia believes this will happen, this world would be a far better time to invade Ukraine than today.
Risking nuclear war for X is going to become a rote question for US public due to the tensions with China around East Asia, and any preparation half-decent for China will work far better for Russia, dramatically undermining the oomph of the "risk" part.
China is fucked, hard. Its demographic problems are worse than Russia's, its political problems are worse than Russia's, its economic problems are worse than Russia's, and its neighbors are far more dangerous than Russia's. It isn't in any position to support Russia today, much less in the decades to come..
It is very able to, not doing so only due to unwilingness to escalate a sanction war with the West, and it has an industrial capacity Russia can only have wet dreams of.
You are taking the fundamental situation as it is today and playing it forward 20 years. What you need to account for is how that fundamental situation is changing. Turkey is very well positioned to become one of the worlds great powers in the next two to five decades. Europe, on the other hand, is well positioned to collapse back into being Europe.
I don't see it with Turkey. Their economy isn't really doing better than Europe's, especially after the giant earthquake. Their political stability is under a big question mark. Its demographics are also getting Europe problems, just lagging decades behind. Europe? Well, it's in many ways the Japan of the West, for good and for bad.
Yes really. It's taking major EU countries months of increased due to Ukraine vigilance to catch agents in own military related institutions.
You need the intelligence infrastructure in place first before you actually get to the smuggling itself.
Not much for a one-off that's meant to be done within less than 48h.
Nope, the US could sink every navy on the entire planet basically on whim. A CSG is more naval combat power than most navies in the world combined. US military advantage is so over the top absurd that it is hard to conceptualize.
If used optimally... CSG is the king of blue water. Tell it to go to green water, and the admiral in charge will start voicing objections.
The EU is unlikely to survive the near future, much less for decades longer. European demographics are shit. European natural resources are limited. Pan European nationalism doesn't exist. The European economy is entirely export driven and the consumption bases that it exports to aren't going to be buying in the near future.
EU is using economic inter-reliance in place of nationalism, for better and for worse.
But unless it really doubles down on doing stupid shit for no benefit like green virtue signalling that can hold.
Demographics? Resources? Japan has these problems but even worse. Meanwhile, EU has over 3x the internal market of Japan.
Russia had two fundamental options.
1) Do nothing, maintain borders that are conventionally indefensible given the Russian demographic and industrial situation. Rely entirely on nuclear arsenal and the good will of its neighbors to secure its borders while Russia suffers through its demographic issues.
Russia was doing ok on neighbors before it started doing funny business with borders, and the other 2 are money solvable problems... and good luck solving them without the money lost on the war and sanctions.
2) Use military force to expand Russia's borders to a state where they become conventionally defensible with the population and technology that Russia can expect to have in the coming decades. Utilize the nuclear threat to shape the military calculations of its neighbors. Isolate itself from the rest of the world and try to rebuild and rebalance the Russian population.
How will Russia get that technology while spending all the money on expanding borders and integrating war torn territories while being sanctioned to hell? Terrain is only a force multiplier, if the force is shit to begin with, multiplied shit can't save them from an opponent that can shield itself from their nuclear sword. If Russia can't contest the nuclear defense and delivery field in the peaceful scenario where it has more money, it sure can't do it in this scenario.
With option 2 there become three possible outcomes:
a) Russia is militarily defeated and becomes an international pariah state reliant on its nuclear arsenal to protect its pre war borders. Russia hopes that it doesn't face external attack, goes full isolationist and tries to deal with its internal problems. Do things like pay India with gold to hire an entire generation of teachers to rebuild the Russian education system. Fundamentally, Russia isn't really that much worse off than it was before in many respects and it still fucks Europe hard because of the lack of raw materials exports from Russia to Europe.
b) Russia succeeds in getting the borders that it desires and as a consequence its enemies unify against it. Unless the Russian nuclear arsenal is negated in the immediate term, the threat of it is probably enough to keep the EU from trying to reclaim the territory in question and by the time that changes it will be a settled issue. Europe will spend tons of money on its military while still facing the economic and demographic issues that it already has. That military force is either not used at all (fine with Russia, its just wasted European economic output then), is used against Turkey and/or Africa (fine with Russia), or is used against other Europeans (fine with Russia). If turned on Russia then Russia has nukes and has much more defensible conventional borders to blunt the attack, along with substantially more land to trade before core Russian territories are threatened.
c) Russia succeeds in getting the borders that it desires and as a consequence Europe breaks apart into independent, competing, nations. Russia is returned to its historical position vis a vi Europe and gets to leverage its natural resources to manipulate the European nations to Russia's advantage.
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a) Russia is unwilling and unable to go full isolationist. Too much reliance on imports and exports. Trying means being a failed state and split/civil war. Lack of trade with Europe hurts them more than it hurts Europe, which is how the current sanction setup got where it is.
b) Same as A, except with bonus internal problems and even more motivation for Europe to fix its military spending, getting it closer to the "security concern" that prompted the whole run for defensive border in the first place, and which won't do much to alleviate it - if Europe has good enough nuclear neutralization while Russia doesn't, well, the defensive advantage of few rivers and some plains won't be enough to fight an opponent that can nuke them at will while they can't nuke back, *especially* with the differences in conventional technology and the conventional doctrine of Russia. If Russia can't win conventional wars with masses of mediocre troops and artillery, it can't win them, period.
c) This and more is what the yes-men of Russian leadership thought...
Fundamentally, what does Russia lose from its military actions? Or from Finland joining NATO?
Access to the US dominated financial system is the single biggest loss. But Russia doesn't need imports so that is a relatively limited import.
Russian men of military age is the next biggest loss. But Russia's demographic situation was such that its already going to basically have to turn its breeding age female population into brood mares and it will probably take advantage of IFV to do some hardcore eugenics programs to weed out as many of the health problems as possible so that generation of males dying is less demographically significant than it might otherwise be (and as a rule they were low skill and poorly educated as well). Russia is also moving the Ukrainian women and children out of its seized territories and back into Russia; to the point that it has already seized more than twice as many people as it has committed as troops.
Territory loss? Nukes basically preclude that.
Governmental control over Russia? This war, win or lose, has increased that.
Diplomatic damage? The nations that were generally willing to deal with Russia are still doing so.
You forgot the mass of valuable middle class Russians that ran away due to the war and its fallout. That's irreplacable, definitely not with the mostly low class and retiree "gains" in Ukrainian territories.
Ironically, it improves internal political stability, but at the cost of future attempts to stay in technological and economic races - Russia becomes more of a resource based third world economy.
Russia has no magic bullet to fix typical developed economy fertility problems, and with the budget drained by current situation, it certainly won't invent one.
IVF? The women are a secondary problem, the cost of raising the kids is the big problem, fix that, and for a chunk of money involved that fix you will also get the women to volunteer. Leave it to Russian orphanages? They are going to get drunks and criminals, not officers and scientists, and Russia has more than enough of those already.
As for territory loss - if nukes preclude that, then the more defensible borders are irrelevant as a goal to do it in the first place. If they don't, better borders are absolutely insufficient, especially if this event prompts Europe to not laze away militarily.
Long story short, the long term fallout of this is Russia taking a step towards being a bigger North Korea with oil. It will take some more steps to get there, but we shall see if these are taken.
Nations dealing with Russia? EU ones are out for foreseeable future, that's one thing, while Japan/Taiwan disengage to the degree that Russia values most, aka electronics. All Russia has left is frenemies and opportunists, while the sweet&safe deals with Europe are over, probably for good unless a major regime change happens.