Sci-Fi Tech Foundation analysis

Also see the illustration at bottom of page 46.
Note that it contradicts the text. Will be discussed with the text.
The contradiction is on page 52. The Narrator:
The First Vault was furnished with considerably more than six chairs, as though a larger company had been expected. Hardin noted that thoughtfully and seated himself wearily in a corner just as far from the other five as possible.
Hardin almost rose to acknowledge the introduction and stopped himself in the act.
The illustration depicts a youthful man, meant to be Hardin, standing, while the text is clear that Hardin did not rise.
The illustration depicts someone seated on the other side of the standee, contrary to the text implying that the five sat together.
And now the description of Seldon´s appearance, pages 52-53. I am excluding audience reactions, but including narrator descriptions of phenomena, to ensure that the reader can get uninterrupted as one quote everything Seldon said or omitted by language or body language:
The lights went dim!
They didn't go out, but merely yellowed and sank with a suddenness that made Hardin jump. He had lifted his eyes to the ceiling lights in startled fashion, and when he brought them down the glass cubicle was no longer empty.
A figure occupied it— a figure in a wheel chair!
It said nothing for a few moments, but it closed the book upon its lap and fingered it idly. And then it smiled, and the face seemed all alive.
It said, "I am Hari Seldon." The voice was old and soft.
The voice continued conversationally: "I can't see you, you know, so I can't greet you properly. I don't even know how many of you there are, so all this must be conducted informally. If any of you are standing, please sit down; and if you care to smoke, I wouldn't mind." There was a light chuckle. "Why should I? I'm not really here."
Hari Seldon put away his book — as if laying it upon a desk at his side — and when his fingers let go, it disappeared.
He said : "It is fifty years now since this Foundation was established — fifty years in which the members of the Foundation have been ignorant of what it was they were working toward. It was necessary that they be ignorant, but now the necessity is gone.
"The Encyclopedia Foundation, to begin with, is a fraud, and always has been!"
Hari Seldon was, of course, undisturbed. He went on: "It is a fraud in the sense that neither I nor my colleagues care at all whether a single volume of the Encyclopedia is ever published. It has served its purpose, since by it we extracted an imperial charter from the Emperor, by it we attracted the hundred thousand scientists necessary for our scheme, and by it we managed to keep them preoccupied while events shaped themselves, until it was too late for any of them to draw back.
"In the fifty years that you have worked on this fraudulent project — there is no use in softening phrases — your retreat has been cut off, and you have now no choice but to proceed on the infinitely more important project that was, and is, our real plan.
"To that end we have placed you on such a planet and at such a time that in fifty years you were maneuvered to the point where you no longer have freedom of action. From now on, and into the centuries, the path you must take is inevitable. You will be faced with a series of crises, as you are now faced with the first, and in each case your freedom of action will become similarly circumscribed so that you will be forced along one, and only one, path.
"It is that path which our psychology has worked out — and for a reason.
"For centuries Galactic civilization has stagnated and declined, though only a few ever realized that. But now, at last, the Periphery is breaking away and the political unity of the Empire is shattered. Somewhere in the fifty years just past is where the historians of the future will place an arbitrary line and say: 'This marks the Fall of the Galactic Empire.'
"And they will be right, though scarcely any will recognize that Fall for additional centuries.
"And after the Fall will come inevitable barbarism, a period which, our psychohistory tells us, should, under ordinary circumstances, last
from thirty to fifty thousand years. We cannot stop the Fall. We do not wish to; for Empire culture has lost whatever virility and worth it once had. But we can shorten the period of barbarism that must follow— down to a single thousand of years.
"The ins and outs of that shortening, we cannot tell you; just as we could not tell you the truth about the Foundation fifty years ago. Were you to discover those ins and outs, our plan might fail; as it would have, had you penetrated the fraud of the Encyclopedia earlier; for then, by knowledge, your freedom of action would be expanded and the number of additional variables introduced would become greater than our psychology could handle.
"But you won't, for there are no psychologists on Terminus, and never were, but for Alurin — and he was one of us.
"But this I can tell you: Terminus and its companion Foundation at the other end of the Galaxy are the seeds of the Renascence and the future founders of the Second Galactic Empire. And it is the present crisis that is starting Terminus off to that climax.
"This, by the way, is a rather straightforward crisis, much simpler than many of those that are ahead. To reduce it to its fundamentals, it is this: You are a planet suddenly cut off from the stillcivilized centers of the Galaxy, and threatened by your stronger neighbors. You are a small world of scientists surrounded by vast and rapidly expanding reaches of barbarism. You are an island of atomic power in a growing ocean of more primitive energy; but are helpless despite that, because of your lack of metals.
"You see, then, that you are faced by hard necessity, and that action is forced on you. The nature of that action — that is, the solution to your dilemma — is, of course, obvious!"
The image of Hari Seldon reached into open air and the book once more appeared in his hand. He opened it and said:
"But whatever devious course your future history may take, impress it always upon your descendants that the path has been marked out, and that at its end is new and greater Empire I"
And as his eyes bent to his book, he flicked into nothingness, and the lights brightened once more.
 
A famous quote of Hardin that was quoted later in Foundation series and even by others, in the original context. Page 49:
Hardin might have placed an actively working stench bomb upon the table and created no more confusion than existed after his last statement. He waited, with weary patience, for it to die down.
"So," he concluded, "when you sent threats — and that's what they were — concerning Empire action to Anacreon, you merely irritated a monarch who knew better. Naturally, his ego would demand immediate action, and the ultimatum is the result — which brings me to my original statement. We have one week left and what do we do now?"
"It seems," said Sutt, "that we have no choice but to allow Anacreon to establish military bases on Terminus."
"I agree with you there," replied Hardin, "but what do we do toward kicking them off again at the first opportunity?"
Yate Fulham's mustache twitched. "That sounds as if you have made up your mind that violence must be used against them."
"Violence," came the retort, "is the last refuge of the incompetent. But I certainly don't intend to lay down the welcome mat and brush off the best furniture for their use."
 
And the conclusion of the author text of "Foundation". Page 53. The Narrator, reporting the thoughts of Hardin:
The Anacreonians were landing their first spaceships tomorrow, but that was all right, too. In six months, they would be giving orders no longer.
In fact, as Hari Seldon had said, and as Salvor Hardin had guessed since the day that Anselm haut Rodric had first revealed to him Anacreon's lack of atomic power — the solution to this first crisis was obvious.
Obvious as all hell!
THE END.
Recall Hardin´s quotes, both of which were AFTER Hardin guessed the obvious solution. Page 44, 2 months later:
"Great space!" Hardin felt annoyed. "What is this? Every once in a while someone mentions 'Emperor' or 'Empire' as if it were a magic word. The Emperor is fifty thousand parsecs away, and I doubt whether he gives a damn about us. And if he does, what can he do? What there was of the imperial navy in these regions is in the hands of the four kingdoms now and Anacreon has its share. Listen, we have to fight with guns, not with words.
"Now, get this. We've had two months of grace so far, mainly because we've given Anacreon the idea that we've got atomic weapons. Well, we all know that that's a little white lie. We've got atomic power, but only for commercial uses, and darn little at that. They're going to find that out soon, and if you think they're going to enjoy being jollied along, you're mistaken."
"My dear sir — "
"Hold on; I'm not finished." Hardin was warming up. He liked this. "It's all very well to drag chancellors into this, but it would be much nicer to drag a few great big siege guns fitted for beautiful atomic bombs into it. We've lost two months, gentlemen, and we may not have another two months to lose. What do you propose to do?"
Page 49, about a month after page 44:
"Violence," came the retort, "is the last refuge of the incompetent
Which of these was honest, considering that the answer was obvious to Hardin all along?
 
And a passage which is, I expect, not reproduced in the book. After THE END.:
IN TIMES TO COME
If Asimov's little puzzle in "Foundation" is not obvious to you — the elements necessary for the solution are all there — you'll be doubly interested in "Bridle and Saddle," coming next issue. It's a sequel to "Foundation," and the second of a series that looks to me as though it had nice possibilities. There are, really, two stages in a culture that produce eras of romantic adventure; when it is collapsing, and when, renascent, it is coming out of its eclipse into a new form. Asimov has in mind a series that will follow the collapse of the Empire, and watch the tides of the new barbarism trying to tear down the Foundation. Animals of a species don't like, and try to destroy, other individuals of the species which are different. Cultures — even collapsing, barbaric cultures — tend to hate and want to destroy the different and higher cultures near them, if they can.
"Bridle and Saddle" gives a nice answer to a stiff problem.
[and a description of another forthcoming story from another author]
The Editor.
 
Now going to the next work!
"Bridle and Saddle", as promised by the Editor.
June 1942.
And unlike "Foundation", "Bridle and Saddle" is a cover story.
That is, it is on cover image. A colour image.
The details will be discussed when the text will be at the point depicted on colour image. There is such a point.
 
The Contents summary:
Given: a Foundation with wealth, strategic position, and no arms in a warring region of space. To protect it —
It is the only Foundation story besides Foundation to have a contents summary, but unlike Foundation, it does not give extra information.
 
"Bridle and Saddle" opens at page 9 with illustration at the top of the page.
Unlike most other illustrations, I´ve not been able to identify text passage it refers to.
 
The introduction is also a part not repeated in the book:
Given: a Foundation with much knowledge, much skill— and no military resources. And a whole series of plotting, ambitious planets to attack it. How can the few, the weak— but the wise!— men of the Foundation rule, as they must if they would not die?
 
And now to the start of the main text of "Bridle and Saddle". Page 9:
A deputation!
That Salvor Hardin had seen it coming made it none the more pleasant. On the contrary, he found anticipation distinctly annoying.
Yohan Lee advocated extreme measures. "I don't see, Hardin," he said, "that we need waste any time. They can't do anything till next election — legally, anyway — and that gives us a year. Give them the brush-off."
Hardin pursed his lips.
Compare the start of the main text of Foundation, May 1942, page 38-39:
Lewis Pirenne was busily engaged at his desk in the one well-lit corner of the room. Work had to be co-ordinated. Effort had to be organized. Threads had to be woven into a pattern.
Fifty years now; fifty years to establish themselves and set up Encyclopedia Foundation Number One into a smoothly working unit. Fifty years to gather the raw material. Fifty years to prepare.
It had been done. Five more years would see the publication of the first volume of the most monumental work the Galaxy had ever conceived. And then at ten-year intervals — regularly — like clockwork — volume after volume after volume. And with them there would be supplements; special articles on events of current interest, until —
Pirenne stirred uneasily, as the muted buzzer upon his desk muttered peevishly. He had almost forgotten the appointment. He shoved the door release and out of an abstracted corner of one eye saw the door open and the broad figure of Salvor Hardin enter. Pirenne did not look up.
Hardin smiled to himself. He was in a hurry, but he knew better than to take offense at Pirenne's cavalier treatment of anything or anyone that disturbed him at his work. He buried himself in the chair on the other side of the desk and waited.
Pirenne's stylus made the faintest scraping sound as it raced across paper. Otherwise, neither motion nor sound. And then Hardin withdrew a two-credit coin from his vest pocket. He flipped it and its stainless-steel surface caught glitters of light as it tumbled through the air. He caught it and flipped it again, watching the flashing reflections lazily. Stainless steel made good medium of exchange on a planet where all metal had to be imported.
Pirenne looked up and blinked. "Stop that!" he said querulously.
Both "Foundation" and "Bridle and Saddle" open with a reception scene. With viewpoint of the host expecting the guest - and the host being the political leader of Foundation while the guest is the leader of Foundation domestic opposition.
Note how Lewis Pirenne almost forgets the appointment, is alone in his dark room (only one corner well-lit, the rest by implication ill-lit), and although he does shove the door release, he then proceeds to continue his work, not look up or talk to his guest.
Hardin is better prepared, and with his right hand man for company.
Foundation-verse generally has a lot of conversation scenes. Including reception scenes with political leaders.
 
"Bridle and Saddle", page 9:
Hardin pursed his lips, "Lee, you'll never learn. In the forty years I've known you, you've never once learned the gentle art of sneaking up from behind."
"It's not my way of fighting," grumbled Lee.
"Yes, I know that. I suppose that's why you're the one man I trust." He paused and reached for a cigar. "We've come a long way, Lee, since we engineered our coup against the Encyclopedists way back. I'm getting old. Sixty-two. Do you ever think how fast those thirty years went?"
Lee snorted. "I don't feel old, and I'm sixty-six."
"Yes, but I haven't your digestion."
Giving the exact ages of Salvor Hardin and Yohan Lee in Foundation. Salvor 32 and Yohan 36 then. Did not meet as children - met 10 years before Foundation, when Salvor was 22 and Yohan 26.
 
Pages 9-10:
Hardin sucked lazily at his cigar. He had long since stopped wishing for the mild Vegan tobacco of his youth. Those days when the planet, Terminus, had trafficked with every part of the Galactic Empire belonged in the limbo to which all Good Old Days go. Toward the same limbo where the Galactic Empire was heading. He wondered who the new emperor was — or if there was a new emperor at all — or any Empire. Space! For thirty years now, since the breakup of communications here at the edge of the Galaxy, the whole universe of Terminus had consisted of itself and the four surrounding kingdoms.
That´s odd.
Whatever had happened to the communications of the four surrounding kingdoms with the few kingdoms immediately surrounding them in their turn?
 
Pages 9-10:

That´s odd.
Whatever had happened to the communications of the four surrounding kingdoms with the few kingdoms immediately surrounding them in their turn?

More to the point, how did "communications" actually work? Hyperspace radio? Or sending actual ships?
 
More to the point, how did "communications" actually work? Hyperspace radio? Or sending actual ships?
We hear of BOTH types of communications in "Foundation".
In the first scene, reception of Salvor Hardin by Lewis Pirenne, Salvor mentions news received by "the Terminus City ultrawave set" two hours before. And the discussion of news includes forthcoming visit from Anacreon, two weeks later.
In the second scene, reception of the visit two weeks later, it is received at the spaceport, and the illustration shows the starship.

Short snippets of important news, such as accession of a new Emperor, or fall of Empire so that there was no new Emperor, could be relayed through multiple hyperspace radio transmitters. Or through multiple starships. Or relayed sometimes by starship and sometimes by hyperwave radio over its serial path. And it could propagate by multiple parallel paths.
That not even such news propagated through Periphery any longer shows thorough breakdown of long-distance communications. While short-distance (tens of parsecs) starship travel and hyperwave radio obviously remained functional!
 
We hear of BOTH types of communications in "Foundation".
In the first scene, reception of Salvor Hardin by Lewis Pirenne, Salvor mentions news received by "the Terminus City ultrawave set" two hours before. And the discussion of news includes forthcoming visit from Anacreon, two weeks later.
In the second scene, reception of the visit two weeks later, it is received at the spaceport, and the illustration shows the starship.

Short snippets of important news, such as accession of a new Emperor, or fall of Empire so that there was no new Emperor, could be relayed through multiple hyperspace radio transmitters. Or through multiple starships. Or relayed sometimes by starship and sometimes by hyperwave radio over its serial path. And it could propagate by multiple parallel paths.
That not even such news propagated through Periphery any longer shows thorough breakdown of long-distance communications. While short-distance (tens of parsecs) starship travel and hyperwave radio obviously remained functional!

Well that's one nitpick I have there... in Asimov's story universe, hyperspace "jumps" are instantaneous. Multiple jumps are needed to go from Terminus to Trantor, which could be due to range limits of a single jump, but are plainly also due to navigational uncertainties, but the simple fact is that if they wanted to they could, and there wouldn't have been a thing the king of Anacreon could do to stop them.
With such an FTL drive there are no "lines of communication" etc. If they really wanted Vegan tobacco they could just go there and buy it!

(IRL, Vega is start larger than the sun, and shorter-lived. Any inhabited worlds there would be terraformed ones, and the "oh noes, our sun is gonna blow up soon!" trope would be coming.)
 
Well that's one nitpick I have there... in Asimov's story universe, hyperspace "jumps" are instantaneous. Multiple jumps are needed to go from Terminus to Trantor, which could be due to range limits of a single jump, but are plainly also due to navigational uncertainties, but the simple fact is that if they wanted to they could, and there wouldn't have been a thing the king of Anacreon could do to stop them.
With such an FTL drive there are no "lines of communication" etc. If they really wanted Vegan tobacco they could just go there and buy it!
In "Foundation" and "Bridle and Saddle", the option is left open that the range of starships without landing is limited - they might need to land at a friendly spaceport after some distance/time/number of jumps to resupply something (fuel? food? air? spare parts?) and if the spaceports ahead are not friendly, turn back.
The problems come in "The Big and the Little" and "Dead Hand". Into Dead Hand, Asimov sticks into the setting of complete break of communications - and yet through "The Big and the Little" and "Dead Hand" shows characters getting through long distances, casually, while insisting on the setting that no one else does.
 
Continuing Page 10:
For thirty years now, since the breakup of communications here at the edge of the Galaxy, the whole universe of Terminus had consisted of itself and the four surrounding kingdoms.
How the mighty had fallen! Kingdoms! They were prefects in the old days, all part of the same province, which in turn had been part of a sector, which in turn had been part of a quadrant, which in turn had been part of the all-embracing Galactic Empire.
Recall the references in Foundation, the May 1942 issue.
Page 38, Hari Seldon:
That item, already worked out in detail, will be the instigation of revolts in the key sectors of Anacreon and Loris.
Page 39, Salvor Hardin:
The Royal Governor of the Prefect of Anacreon has assumed the title of king.
Page 40, Salvor Hardin:
At least twenty of the outermost prefects of the Galaxy, the entire Periphery as a matter of fact, have begun steering things their own way.
So no mention of province or quadrant in Foundation, and sector is mentioned only once, by Seldon.
Were province, sector and quadrant administrative units, or mere geographical groupings?
If they were functional administrative units, what were the governors of the province, sector and quadrant doing when the revolts of their subordinate prefects were threatening to diminish or eliminate their jobs?
 

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