Alternate History ðŸ‡ºðŸ‡¸ November 2, 1976: President Nelson Rockefeller wins election to full 4-year term and the aftermath

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Chapter 21: Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Spring 1986: XXVII)
Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Part IV)
Monday, 16 March 1986

*KANSAS:
John William Carlin
In office: 8 January 1979
First elected: 1978; Reelected in 1982.
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself to seeking a third consecutive term due to term limits.

*KENTUCKY:
Martha Layne Collins
In office: 13 December 1983
First elected: 1983
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding herself due to term limits.

COMING UP IN CHAPTER 21 OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC: Part V of the Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships.
 
Chapter 21: Composition of US State/Territory Governorships (Spring 1986: XXVIII) New
Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Part V)
Monday, 16 March 1986

*LOUISIANA:
Edwin Washington Edwards
In office: 12 March 1984
Previously served: 9 May 1972 to 10 March 1980
First elected: 1971; Reelected in 1975 and again in 1983.
Open Seat: Announced on 16 April 1985 that he wasn't going to be seeking reelection to fourth term in 1987.

COMING UP IN CHAPTER 21 OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC: Part VI of the Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships.
 
Chapter 21: Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Spring 1986: XXIX) New
Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Part VI)
Monday, 16 March 1986

*MAINE:
Joseph Edward Brennan
In office: 3 January 1979
First elected: 1978; Reelected in 1982.
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself to seeking a third consecutive term due to term limits.

*MARYLAND:
Harry Roe Hughes
In office: 17 January 1979
First elected: 1978; Reelected in 1982.
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself to seeking a third consecutive term due to term limits.

*MASSACHUSETTS:
Michael Stanley Dukakis
In office: 6 January 1983
Previously served: 2 January 1975 to 4 January 1979.
First elected: 1974; Reelected in 1982.
Seeking reelection in 1986.

*MICHIGAN:
William Grawn Milliken
In office: 22 January 1969
Ascended to the Governorship upon the resignation of then-Governor George Romney.
First elected: 1970; Reelected in 1974, 1978 and again in 1982.
Open Seat: Announced on 16 December 1985 that he wasn't going to be seeking reelection to fifth full term in 1986.

*MINNESOTA:
Rudolph George Perpich
In office: 3 January 1983
Previously served: 29 December 1976 to 4 January 1979.
Ascended to the Governorship upon the resignation of then-Governor Wendell Anderson.
First elected: 1982
Seeking reelection in 1986.

*MISSISSIPPI:
William Forrest Winter
In office: 22 January 1980
First elected: 1979; Reelected in 1983.
Seeking reelection in 1987.

*MISSOURI:
John David Ashcroft
In office: 14 January 1985
First elected: 1984

*MONTANA:
Theodore Schwinden
In office: 7 January 1985
First elected: 1984

COMING UP IN CHAPTER 21 OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC: Part VII of the Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships.
 
Chapter 21: Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Spring 1986: XXX) New
Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Part VII)
Monday, 16 March 1986

*NEBRASKA:
Joseph Robert Kerrey
In office: 6 January 1983
First elected: 1982
Open Seat: Announced on 1 November 1985 that he wasn't going to be seeking reelection in 1986. Confirmed that he'll be running for the United States Senate in 1988.

*NEVADA:
Richard Hudson Bryan
In office: 3 January 1983
First elected: 1982
Seeking reelection in 1986.

*NEW HAMPSHIRE:
John Henry Sununu
In office: 6 January 1983
First elected: 1982; Reelected in 1984.
Seeking reelection in 1986.

*NEW JERSEY:
Thomas Howard Kean, Sr.,
In office: 19 January 1982
First elected: 1981; Reelected in 1985.
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself to seeking a third consecutive term due to term limits.

*NEW MEXICO:
Toney Anaya
In office: 1 January 1983
First elected: 1982
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself due to term limits.

*NEW YORK STATE:
Mario Matthew Cuomo
In office: 1 January 1983
First elected: 1982
Seeking reelection in 1986.

COMING UP IN CHAPTER 21 OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC: Part VIII of the Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships.
 
Chapter 21: Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Spring 1986: XXXI) New
Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Part VIII)
Monday, 16 March 1986

*NORTH CAROLINA:
James Grubbs Martin
In office: 5 January 1985
First elected: 1984

*NORTH DAKOTA:
George Albert Sinner
In office: 1 January 1985
First elected: 1984

*OHIO:
Richard Frank "Dick" Celeste
In office: 10 January 1983
First elected: 1982.
Seeking reelection in 1986.

*OKLAHOMA:
George Patterson Nigh
In office: 3 January 1979
Previously served: 3 January 1963 to 14 January 1963
First elected: 1978; Reelected in 1982.
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself to seeking a third consecutive term due to term limits.

*OREGON:
Victor George Atiyeh
In office: 8 January 1979
First elected: 1978; Reelected in 1982.
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself to seeking a third consecutive term due to term limits.

COMING UP IN CHAPTER 21 OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC: Part IX of the Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships.
 
Chapter 21: Composition of US State/Territory Governorships (Spring 1986: XXXII) New
Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Part IX)
Monday, 16 March 1986

*PENNSYLVANIA:
Richard Lewis Thornburgh
In office: 16 January 1979
First elected: 1978; Reelected in 1982.
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself to seeking a third consecutive term due to term limits.

*NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS:
Pedro Pangalinan Tenoro
In office: 11 January 1982
First elected: 1981

*UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS:
Juan Francisco Luis
In office: 2 January 1978
Ascended to the Governorship upon the death of then-Governor Cyril King.
First elected: 1978; Reelected in 1982.
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself to seeking a third consecutive term due to term limits.

COMING UP IN CHAPTER 21 OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC: Part X of the Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships.
 
Chapter 21: Composition of US State/Territory Governorships (Spring 1986: XXXIII) New
Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Part X)
Monday, 16 March 1986

*PUERTO RICO:
Rafael Hernandez Colon
In office: 2 January 1985
Previously served: 2 January 1973 to 2 January 1977
First elected: 1972; Reelected in 1984.

*RHODE ISLAND:
John Joseph Garrahy
In office: 4 January 1977
First elected: 1976; Reelected in 1978, 1980, 1982, and again in 1984.
Seeking reelection in 1986.

*SOUTH CAROLINA:
Richard Wilson Riley
In office: 10 January 1979
First elected: 1978; Reelected in 1982.
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself to seeking a third consecutive term due to term limits.

*SOUTH DAKOTA:
William John Janklow
In office: 1 January 1979
First elected: 1978; Reelected in 1982.
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself to seeking a third consecutive term due to term limits.

*TENNESSEE:
Andrew Lamar Alexander
In office: 20 January 1979
First elected: 1978; Reelected in 1982.
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself to seeking a third consecutive term due to term limits.

COMING UP IN CHAPTER 21 OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC: Part XI of the Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships.
 
Chapter 21: Composition of US State/Territory Governorships (Spring 1986: XXXIV) New
Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Part XI)
Monday, 16 March 1986

*TEXAS:
Mark Wells White, Jr.,
In office: 18 January 1983
First elected: 1982.
Seeking reelection in 1986.

*UTAH:
Norman Howard Bangerter
In office: 7 January 1985
First elected: 1984.

*VERMONT:
Madeleine Kunin
In office: 10 January 1985
First elected: 1984.
Seeking reelection in 1986.

COMING UP IN CHAPTER 21 OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC: Part XII of the Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships.
 
Chapter 21: Composition of US State/Territory Governorships (Spring 1986: XXXV) New
Composition of the US State/Territory Governorships (Part XII)
Monday, 16 March 1986

*VIRGINIA
Gerald Lee Baliles
In office: 18 January 1986
First elected: 1985
Open Seat: Prevented from succeeding himself due to term limits.

*WASHINGTON:
William Booth Gardner
In office: 16 January 1985
First elected: 1984

*WEST VIRGINIA:
Arch Arnold Moore, Jr.,
In office: 14 January 1985
Previously served: 13 January 1969 to 17 January 1977
First elected: 1968; Reelected in 1972 and again in 1984.

*WISCONSIN:
Anthony Scully Earl
In office: 3 January 1983
First elected: 1982
Seeking reelection in 1986.

*WYOMING:
Edgar Jacob Herschler
In office: 6 January 1975
First elected: 1974; Reelected in 1978 and again in 1982.
Seeking reelection in 1986.

 
Chapter 21: Pop Culture Headlines (Spring 1986: XXXVI) New
Pop Culture Headlines (Part I)
Spring 1986

*HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE'S CHOICE AWARDS
Friday, 13 March 1986: During the 12th People's Choice Awards, which were hosted by country music musician John Denver, the winners included the following: Sylvester Stallone won Favorite Motion Picture Actor; comedian Bill Cosby won Favorite All-Around Male Performer; Bruce Willis won Favorite Male Performer in a New Television Program due to his role in ABC's "Moonlighting"; Actresses Meryl Streep and Barbara Mandrell both won Favorite All-Around TV Female Performer; Bruce Springsteen won Favorite Male Musical Performer and Madonna won Favorite Female Musical Performer.

*"ON MY OWN" NAMED BILLBOARD SONG OF THE YEAR
*Sunday, 22 March 1986: The single "Own My Own" by Patti LaBelle and Michael McDonald was named as Billboard Song of the Year. As of today, this song is still being played across the entire world.
 
Chapter 21: List of State Visits made by King Charles III (Spring 1986: XXXVII) New
The List of State Visits of His Majesty
King Charles III
since 28 June 1982 (Part I)

Monday, 30 March 1986

*Mexico
17-22 February 1983
*Hosted by Mexican President General Oscar Robles
*Visited Acapulco; Lazaro Cardenas; Puerto Vallarta; La Paz.

*United States
26 February-6 March 1983
*Hosted by US President
Ronald Wilson Reagan
*Visited San Diego, California; Palm Springs, California; Los Angeles, California;
Sierra Madre, California; Duarte, California; Santa Barbara, California; San Francisco, California;
Sacramento, California; Stanford, California; Palo Alto, California; Yosemite National Park and
Seattle, Washington.

*Sweden
25-28 May 1983
*Hosted by King Carl XVI Gustaf
*Visited Stockholm and Gothenburg.

COMING UP IN CHAPTER 21 OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC: Part II of the List of State Visits of King Charles III.


 
Chapter 21: List of State Visits made by King Charles III (Spring 1986: XXXVIII) New
The List of State Visits of His Majesty King Charles III
since 28 June 1982 (Part II)

Monday, 30 March 1986

*Jordan
26-30 March 1984
*Hosted by King Hussein
*Visited Amman; Petra and Aqaba.

*Portugal
25-29 March 1985
*Hosted by Portuguese President General Winfield Gonsalves
*Visited Lisbon; Evora and Porto.


 
Chapter 21: Democracy in Action inside Portugal (Spring 1986: XXXIX) New
The Risky Gamble Bet on Soares
Tuesday, 29 April 1986
portuguese-president-mario-soares-and-us-vice-president-george-h-bush-pose-for-photographers-in-1986-ap-photofernando-ricardo-2NF7CAT.jpg

US President George HW Bush with Portuguese President Mario Soares during a Courtesy Call meeting at the Sao Bento Palace following
Soares' inauguration.



The Portuguese Republic in 1986 was coming off of the 10 years of Portuguese President General Winfield Gonsalves, who was prevented from succeeding himself from seeking a third consecutive five-year term, setting up an open field of candidates that included the likes of former Prime Minister Mario Soares of the Socialist Party; former interim Prime Minister Diogo Freitas do Amaral; former Minister of Justsice Salgado Zenha and former Prime Minister Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo.

Soares, who served as Prime Minister three different times, managed to narrowly hold off Freitas do Amaral in the 16 February 1986 Presidential runoff election by less than one percentage point (1.36 percent of the nationwide vote), making Soares the first civilian President in Portuguese history in six decades.

According to foreign policy analysts and experts including political science analysts in Portugal, Soares was described as one of the strongest backers of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) including the European Community. He was also being tagged by local news media organizations "Washington's Man" because of his support of US foreign policy.

Due to terrorist threats and death threats, the Portuguese Armed Forces and law enforcement agencies mobilized security forces in guarding and protecting foreign dignitaries, who were on hand to attend Soares' inauguration as the Portuguese Republic's 17th President on 9 March 1986 at the Sao Bento Palace in Lisbon that was attended by several of the foreign dignitaries: US President
George HW Bush; French President Francois Mitterrand; Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi.
 
Chapter 21: RIP Pope John Paul III (Spring 1986: XXXX) New
......"reports from overnight of Pope John Paul III being found dead in his bedroom at the Apostolic Palace, presumably of a heart attack......"
-ABC News Special Report
Thursday, 24 April 1986.

......"the death of Pope John Paul III had sent shockwaves and devastation amongst the faithful of the Roman Catholic Church across the globe including in the Portuguese Pontiff's home country of Portugal, where millions of Portuguese were shocked at the breaking news alerts reporting on the Pope's passing. The earth shook both literally and figuratively inside the Vatican as the jockeying for succession has begun for the third time within three years, and especially following 10 months of John Paul III's Papacy, as one of the most reliable figures of the Conservative establishment was gone, leaving the Vatican reeling and ambitious Cardinals jockeying and plotting for position to succeed to the Papacy. For some moderate-to-liberals, there was a slight sigh of relief-Stefan Ernesto Alvarado (Pope John Paul III) marched to the beat of his own drum and now the opportunity was there to begin finding a more reliable figure willing to toeing the line; others suggested a third way approach: finding someone in the middle and those in the centrist lane suggested a quirky, particular Belgian Archbishop to succeed the late John Paul III......"
_Jockeying for Position: The Chaos of the 1980s and Ramifications.
 
Chapter 21: Remembering Pope John Paul III (Spring 1986: XXXXI) New
1440x810_354581.jpg

......"the State Funeral of Pope John Paul III was held on the grounds of the Mosteiro de Jeronimos in Lisbon, where thousands attended the services and among the dignitaries: Portuguese President Mario Soares; Portuguese Prime Minister Anibal Cavaco Silva; former Portuguese President General Antonio de Spinola (1974), former Portuguese President General Francisco da Costa Gomes (1974-1976) and former Portuguese President General Winfield Gonsalves (1976-1986); Spanish Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez; US Vice President Howard Baker; former US President Linwood Holton; former US Vice President Edward W. Brooke, III; Argentine Republic President Raul Alfonsin; Chilean President Captain General Augusto Pinochet; Brazilian President Jose Sarney; Paraguayan President Major General Jackson Ballasteros; French President Francois Mitterrand and countless others in attendance.

The State Funeral concluded almost two weeks of festivities: beginning with the Papal Funeral on 30 April 1986 in Vatican City followed by the six-day Lying in Repose at San Bento Palace from 30 April to 5 May 1986. Following the State Funeral festivities, the late Pope John Paul III was entombed in the outskirts of Santa Comba Dao in a private ceremony. But questions persisted about the mysterious death of the Portuguese Pontiff and continue to this day......"
-RTPT1 Special Coverage
State Funeral of Pope John Paul III
Monday, 5 May 1986
 
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Chapter 21: Last Off-Ramp Attempt (Spring 1986: XXXXII) New
......"when Soares got the blessing from the Alvarado family to exhume Pope John Paul III's body, they discovered something quite odd during the secret examination of the late Portuguese Pontiff's body: finding large injection spots on his back and following a private autopsy, the medical examiners from the Portuguese Air Force tested the traces of huge concoctions; Dr. Miguel Eanes, who was serving as Major in the Portuguese Air Force, put two and two together, "I know damn well that the Pontiff didn't have from a so-called heart attack. Pope John Paul III was murdered and it's quite obvious it was an intelligence operation from foreign forces, who had a lot to gain from this."

The public appearance of Bush walking away from the economic trade development negotiations, leaks about what Robles allegedly said to Shultz including the late Pope John Paul III in the months before the Pontiff's mysterious death, it was all building to a head. Anne [Armstrong] called for a full meeting of the General Assembly rather than just the Security Council, largely out of the hope that she could use it as an opportunity to more publicly remonstrate against the aggressively repressive Robles dictatorship in Mexico. There were strong explosive allegations that the Direccion Federal de Seguridad (DFS) (later renamed the Centro de Investigacion y Seguridad Nacional: CISEN) were the likely culprits in participating in the death of Pope John Paul III, allegations which would be revealed soon......

Anyways, despite the President's approval ratings still coasting into the 60s, but slipping somewhat due to one-party fatigue of the White House (Republicans have controlled the White House since 1969) something was bound to give on what to do with the Robles administration after 13 years in power, whether economic sanctions, tariffs, etc., Back in the Summer of 1983, Robles announced he wouldn't be seeking reelection to a fourth term as President in 1988, when he tapped his son, State Governor of Mexico, Colonel Oscar Robles, Jr., as his successor to the Presidency: which enraged many of the populace inside Mexico.

The public balked in polling surveys about the idea of dealing with Robles and his cronies, who were looting the millions coming off the recent economic trade deal policy from 1984. It's like the public wanted the issue dealt with, but couldn't decide how they wanted it dealt with. Plus, you've got the Portguese pissed off and furious upon learning the real details of the CISEN being involved in the death of Pope John Paul III. Shultz agreed to postpone the meeting with Mexican Foreign Affairs Secretary Bernardo Sepulveda Amor until after the United Nations meeting. Anne Armstrong got up there in front of the whole world and tacitly implied that it was the CISEN, who was involved in the assassination, but despite the explosive allegations, Armstrong stated that the United States was still bound by the Hays/Bunau/Varilla Treaty and that "America stands by its treaty obligations, and we will continue doing so, and will also be expecting other states to executing those treaties into which they've agreed and entered with us." The Mexicans didn't respond; they instead walked out. That the Soviets then vetoed a Security Council resolution, which would've been in favor of the United States and Portuguese positions, seemed to be a clear signal to anti-Robles politicos and similar types in Latin America and the Third World, that the French had their back. I think they felt they had to, after watching Colombia fall into chaos with the right-wing military coup led by Najera, who successfully removed the leftist Quintero from the Presidency and especially after Sweden kicked their asses in the Little War in 1981. This was becoming a major escalation......"
-Former White House Communications Director
David Gergen
Summer 2017 Interview

......"Dad wrote something really ominous in his diary that I remember reading years later, because if there's two things Dad never talked about, it was The 04.24.86 Incident and Operation Villarreal. He really felt that he was going to spearhead an agreement, then he had his legs cut out from under him by triggered extremists at home, the ones outside of government or those in Congress in their perches-and radical Soviet cutouts abroad. We could have had one of the greatest trade deals on economic development between the United States and Mexico, I genuinely believe that, and he believed it too. Anyways, Dad wrote the night the Soviets vetoed the joint resolution at the United Nations, and Robles went on camera to puff out his chest about this hours later on Mexican national television...... he wrote, "We just passed the last off-ramp on the highway and the point of no return." Nothing else. That's the entire entry. I think about it all the time, when I think about Operation Villarreal and the 04.24.86 Incident. I don't know that the entry ever made it into his published works that he wrote after leaving the White House."
-Former President
George Walker Bush
46th President of the United States
20 January 2001 to 20 January 2009
44th Governor of Texas
17 January 1995 to 21 December 2000
 
Chapter 21: The New Pontiff (Spring 1986: XXXXIII) New
......"For the first time in history, there is the first Afro-Belgian Pontiff, who has been elected to succeed the late Pope John Paul III. What a historic moment that we will cherish forever......"
-Victoria DeSouza
RTE TV Espana

....."Esteban Gispeusseck, the Archbishop of Brussels, makes history as the first Afro-Belgian to become Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church and he takes the name of Joaquin I. There is a celebration over in the Kingdom of Belgium, where people are expecting a rock-star celebration when the new Pontiff is expected to arrive within the next couple of months......"
-BBC News Special: Papacy in the 1980s
 
Operacion Liberacion (Summer 1986: XXXXIV) New
......"Operation Liberation (Spanish: Operacion Liberacion) was the Mexican military uprising operation that led to the successful overthrow of the government of Mexican President General Oscar Robles ,who was in the middle of his third term in office and had been serving as President since 21 February 1973 and was elected to three terms in 1976, 1977 and again in 1980. Commenced during and after the Papal election of Pope Joaquin I the preceding day, the 33 Mexican Navy and Air Force aircraft bombed the Plaza de la Republica, killing over 400 civilians and wounding hundreds more. This controversial attack remains to this day, one of the most deadliest aerial bombings executed on the mainland in Mexico. The bombing also targeted the National Palace, located on the capital city's main square, the Plaza de la Constitucion. The revolting military generals and their troops took advantage of the confusion of the Robles government and military loyalists, where some of the troops were on leave with newer recruits having been rotated several weeks before.

United States military intelligence including the Central Intelligence Agency, didn't have any forewarning or even predictions of the violent attack in the months before; it is regarded as one of the biggest American intelligence failures and foreign policy failures of the administration of US President George H.W. Bush......"
-Wiki entry on Operation Liberation......
 
Chapter 21: The Explosive Revolution in Mexico (Summer 1986: XXXXV) New
Operation Liberation in Mexico
Saturday, 17 May 1986
GSPiHTmXUAAF2Ny


"VIVA OPERACION LIBERACION!"

The cries of the people and the demands of freedom have been hounding non-stop throughout the streets of Mexico City and other cities across Mexico. Various political parties including numerous politicians and segments of the Mexican Armed Forces all came together with taking down one common enemy: Oscar Wellington Serrano Robles.

Thus, this was Operation Liberation.

Few people expected that Mexico, who was once the target of corruptive influence from the United States including the Central Intelligence Agency out of fear of Eccheverria, would end up seeing the man that was placed into power would end up falling as such. However, the cautious, but steady foreign policy approach of the Bush administration pushed by Shultz along with the leftover stigma of Nicaragua which dogged the Holton administration, for the United States to aggressively double-down on much of its overseas operations. Many of the leftist forces residing within Latin America wanted to avenge former Colombian President Lieutenant General Seymour Quintero, who was ousted in a US-backed military coup d'etat in December 1984 and saw the chaos in Mexico as their chance to strongly push back against the right-wing autocracies. Although, there was counter pushback against those on the left.

The Argentine Republic fell into utter and complete disgrace, with the downfall of the Junta, especially Galitieri who fled the country once British and Chilean military troops invaded Buenos Aires, where the British emerged victorious in the Falklands War of 1982; the revelations of Galiteri's involvement in the assassinations of then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Queen Elizabeth II in 1982 especially other terrorist-like activities, caused the Argentinian people to finally bring down the Junta dictatorship, which resulted in democracy returning to the Argentine Republic with the election of Raul Alfonsin as President in 1983.

Panama would eventually fall with the ouster of Manuel Noriega, who was ultimately found guilty of drug trade involvement. Elections would be held there, with democracy returning in the Central American country. Nicaragua was still undergoing with the socialist dictatorship of Ortega, whose grip was beginning to cause more chaos and annoying many foreign countries and foreign industries and businesses; Guatemala would remain stable in spite of the military dictatorship, but the calls for democracy were going to come for them at some point.

It seemed like only a matter of time before Mexico would lose its own caudillo, who also had a deep cult of personality amongst the populace. The growing condemnations against the Robles regime for their obvious atrocities from across the world and the economic failures of the North American country which would be blamed on the policies and direction of the Chicago Boys, a group of Mexican economists prominent around the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of whom were educated at the University of Chicago under the leadership of Milton Friedman. This also added plenty of obvious skepticism on the accuracy of Friedman's economic stances and initiatives. Combined with the explosive relations of the CISEN being involved in the assassination of then-Pope John Paul III, led to even the Bush administration to administer heavy large economic trade sanctions including massive tariffs on Mexican products, it was just too much with the lingering effects of the Economic Recession of 1982 dragging non-stop.

Segments of the Mexican Armed Forces, led by Army General Guillermo Quiroga would successfully launch a military coup d'etat, gunning after Robles and going after him and his group of cronies and supporters, timing Operation Liberation during and after the Papal election of Pope Joaquin I. Within hours of the reality of his government falling quickly, Robles and his family left Los Pinos (Residence of the Mexican President) in the evening hours of 17 May 1986, boarded the Presidential aircraft and flew to Spain, where they would get safe passage of King Juan Carlos I and Spanish Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez, who secretly negotiated with President Bush to bring the Robleses to Spain in order to avoid extradition and much worse uglier fates.

Unfortunately, for his older son, State Governor of Mexico, Colonel Oscar Robles, Jr., he wouldn't be so lucky. Within the next few weeks, more and more people fell and Robles, Jr., himself would be charged and arrested on the orders of the newly-installed President Quiroga: having Robles, Jr., be forced to resign from the Governorship of the State of Mexico and turn himself in, lest he be given to be executed by the angry mob. As the trials would be held over many of the supporters, the need for elections were called in 1988, and the various coalitions would go on to try and begin running, all the while political prisoners would be liberated and the growing numbers of atrocities and human rights violations under Mexico would be exposed for the entire world to see.

However, for the people of Mexico, their version of the Long National Nightmare was over. Robles was gone. Mexico was free.
 
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Chapter 21: Quiroga's Transitionary Administration (Summer 1986: XXXXVI) New
Quiroga's Transitonary Presidency
Monday, 26 May 1986

Mexico was both typical and atypical in Latin America. Following the devastation of the Mexican Revolution, which dragged from 1913 to 1920, the United Mexican States was broken economically and demographically for years to come. Taking advantage of the uncertainty, the Institutional Revolutionary Party known as the PRI, who dominated the government and the entire country in general since 1929 without interruption or even any organized opposition political parties. Because of the way the PRI controlled everything, the party aging dinosaurs or political hacks handpicked candidates in presidential, congressional, senatorial, mayoral elections including gubernatorial elections in all of the 31 States both for loyalty and blatant various coziness along with various factions. Balancing the genuine economic nationalism such as the formation of Pemex in 1937 including building their legitimacy amongst the Mexican populace on large, massive rises in the standards of living as well as the fastest economic growth in the world beginning in the 1940s to the mid 1970s.

However, there were some flaws along the way.

The deadly Tlatelolco Massacre of 1968 under then-President of Gustavo Ordaz Diaz, severely damaged the PRI regime's reputation both internationally and domestically. His successor, then-Interior Secretary Luis Eccheverria, who won the 1970 Presidential elections with 80 percent of the nationwide vote, had agitated pretty much everyone upon taking office on 1 December 1970: pursuing a controversial Third World foreign policy with the intention of separating Mexico from both the United States and the Soviet Union altogether by opening up diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China; having strong ties with the socialist governments of Chile (which later fell to US-backed military coup in 1973) and Cuba; He also alienated Israel and also the Jewish American community, when Echeverria supported a controversial UN resolution equated Zionism with South Africa's apartheid government: The result was a massive tourism boycott of Mexico from the Jewish American community and there was also backlash from the disputed handling of the Colorado River controversy which instigated hostility from Northwestern Mexicans against the United States.

The PRI took great pride in the fact elected officeholders all served one six-year terms, known as the Sexenio: where term limits on the Presidency and separation of powers in the legislative branch as well as the judicial branch were all honored. Everything was going status quo, until the 02.21.73 Incident.

With tacit quiet approval and support from the Nixon administration, the Central Intelligence Agency, Paraguayan President General Alfredo Stroessner and Brazilian President Emilio Garrastazu Medici including countless others, the ambitious segments of the Mexican Armed Forces successfully launched a bloodless military coup d'etat and overthrew Echeverria from the Presidency. And the end result, installing Army General Oscar Wellington Serrano Robles, Sr., as the 58th President of the United Mexican States, who cemented his dictatorship with a balanced mix of domestic and economic policies along with a hardcore conservative right-wing foreign policy: Robles severed all diplomatic ties with the socialist and communist countries and restored full diplomatic relations with Taiwan in 1974 along with opening up diplomatic ties with the Commonwealth of Hong Kong that same year. He also formed close diplomatic relations with the United States, Argentine Republic (even when the Military Junta came to power in 1976) Brazil, Chile (when Pinochet came to power with the 09.11.73 Coup), Paraguay, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, France, Belgium, United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, Philippines including countless other numerous countries. At the same time, Robles also dismantled the Sexenio and removed term limits on the Presidency with the controversial Institutional Act #1973, which gave the military government full overwhelming sweeping powers in suppressing the press and freedom of speech. His administration also spied on political opponents, many of whom were kidnapped, tortured, disappeared and killed; Robles was also a staunch supporter of the Dirty War by the administrations of Argentine Republic Presidents Jorge Videla, Roberto Viola, Leopoldo Galtieri and Reynaldo Bignone.

Alongside his side was his second wife, the extremely popular Fernanda Arizmendi, who served as First Lady of Mexico. Both Robles and Arizmendi were immensely popular amongst the Mexican working class: Robles' government aggressively invested in public works, established the social welfare, forced employers to improve workers' conditions; Trade unions also grew with his support and with Fernanda's heavy influence women's rights were massively expanded and liberalization of sexually suggestive dramas and movies were approved; plus, the Full Equal Employment was passed by both chambers of the General Congress of the United Mexican States and signed into law by Robles in 1974. Robles was overwhelmingly elected in an indirect election in 1976 and reelected in 1977, also in an indirect election as the only candidate before ultimately winning reelection to a third term in 1980, making him the second longest-serving Mexican President with 13 years.

However, soon after Fernanda's death from cervical cancer on 5 July 1981, the economic boom that Mexico enjoyed during the early years of the Robles administration began to go downhill quickly. And Mexico's economic situation had been hampered in an economic crisis because of Robles' mismanagement of the economy that stemmed from quadrupling of the national external debt during the Robles administration which led to the severe Economic Recession of 1982. To his credit, Robles made attempts on significantly investing in the discovery of new oilfields across Mexico in order to manage the economy and building out infrastructure projects in all of the 31 Mexican States and he also built on small measures to open up the system a little bit and slowly tolerate political opposition, although in phases.

Yet, the Robles administration was one of the most flamboyant and corrupt including the appointment of family members and close friends to various crucial roles and positions inside the Mexican military government. The steady decline of oil prices which began in August of 1980 badly damaged Mexico's financial situation, forcing it to become more reliant on the revenues of Pemex more steadily and by the Fall of 1981, hyperinflation due to the devaluation of the Peso and partial sovereign defaults escalated. Because of the ongoing economic and political crises, Robles chose not to seek reelection to a fourth term and instead, designated his son, State Governor Colonel Oscar "Slippery Skip" Robles, Jr., as his successor to the Presidency for the 1988 Presidential elections.

However, backlash from segments of the Mexican Armed Forces including several sectors of the populace as well as bombshell explosive allegations that the CISEN was involved in the assassination of Pope John Paul III on 24 April 1986, the Reformers in the Mexican Armed Forces took advantage of the political vacuum and struck and struck violently: Robles was ousted in a violent military coup d'etat on 17 May 1986 following weeks of gunfighting between the Reformers and the Loyalists of the Robles administration that ended when Robles and his entire family fled the country for safe passage in Spain, where they would remain for the rest of their lives.

Upon being inaugurated as the 59th President of Mexico on the evening of 17 May 1986, Army General Guillermo Quiroga was determined to repair the domestic and international reputation of the United Mexican States: among the first executive orders he issued: the reinstatement of the Sexenio with the one-term rule for Presidents serving a single, non-renewable six-year term (despite the fact he was grandfathered in the rule and eligible to seek election to a full six-year term in 1988). He also pursued aggressive auditing of government agencies, who enjoyed heavy patronage during the Robles administration for 13 years and pushed for tribunals of former Cabinet Ministers and government officials, who were arrested following Operation Liberation.

Quiroga was forced to confront a much, more divided, fractured society than the one Robles had faced in 1973. The Economic Recession of 1982 lingering effects continued to be severe and ultimately passed its heavy creaks, but inflation had stood around 41%; protests and demonstrations were common (due to Quiroga allowing freedom of speech and freedom of expression for the populace); tens of thousands of doctors, lawyers, accountants, bankers and other professionals had fled to either the United States or Canada for greener pastures in the later years of the Robles dictatorship. Farmers, one of the major pillars of the PRI support, were demanding more land reforms and employees in all 31 States threatened general strikes if they didn't receive wage hikes in keeping pace with skyrocketing inflation. The PRI all but realized they needed Mexico before Mexico needed the PRI and the PRI knew it.

Quiroga's presidency was seen by many foreign policy and political analysts as one of the most quiet and boring in Mexican history. He had a tough job ahead of him in the two year transitionary period in the post-Robles era.
 

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