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Would require someone other than Nicky, though. Which is my point. His regime was the worst of both worlds - unwilling to enact anything but token reforms, unable or unwilling to go full Stalin. The pressure was building, and something needed to relieve it. Nicholas’ regime probably would have...

I pretty much agree. Some kind of revolution and civil war was inevitable in Russia once the state was put under stress. Too many scores to settle.

Yup. Not necessarily spite, though. Alexander III had very different political views from his father, and was part of the court and government faction opposed to greater liberalization, much like the Irish peers.

Executing Lenin would not have prevented the problems, merely changed the names. Russia was at the point where the soldiers would not shoot people down when ordered to. They had fast approached the limits of what oppression as applied could do, and the wheels were going to come off. Just like...

Lenin, yes. But the Germans didn't introduce the idea, nor did Lenin himself create the conditions for the October Revolution on his own between Febreuary and October 1917. Russia had been in various stages of revolution since the 1870s, starting with The People's Will through the autocratic...

I'd flip it. Industrialization without social reform brought communism.